This week seems to be a special one for the field of entrepreneurship, with some publications on the merits of studying it from an academic perspective such as this one A wakeup call for the field of entrepreneurship and its evaluators

Has the Concept of Opportunities Been Fruitful in the Field of Entrepreneurship? – In line with the previous one, this reflects on the concept of opportunities which has always been in the same conversation with entrepreneurship. I have not been able to access the article despite various searchers but I’m sure that it touches on the perennial question on whether opportunities are created or discovered. I find this discussion fascinating because by itself, entrepreneurship research is already too scholarly. Going one step backwards and reflecting on such philosophical questions, perhaps pushes this even further.

Firm Strategic Behavior and the Measurement of Knowledge Flows with Patent Citations –  Ever since I got into bibliometrics, citations have been fascinating. Instead of just a measure of paper’s worth and knowledge flow, citations also reflect other subtle things such as informal ties, cliques and prestige. In this paper, the researchers looked at patent citations and explores how it does not only reflect knowledge flow but also other other factors including firm strategy and intellectual property regime.

Predicting citation counts based on deep neural network learning techniques – in the theme apply neural networks to everything, in this paper, the researchers aimed to predict citation counts of papers. This makes me wonder whether we could reverse the process one day and design an AI that can output papers according to an input citation count.

Optimal Distinctiveness, Strategic Categorization, and Product Market Entry on the Google Play App Platform – optimal distinctiveness is really taking the management literature by storm. It will probably be the next open innovation or absorptive capacity with the growth in publications about it such as this one looking at app success.

The age at which Noble Prize research is conducted – Spoiler alert: It’s 44

Zero impact: a large-scale study of uncitedness – It’s common knowledge that a large number of scientific articles do not get cited, from this article around 20-30%. This article breaks down the level of uncitedness per subject and article type. This begs the question, if a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?

How optimal distinctiveness affects new ventures’ failure risk: A contingency perspective – I really am fond of this topic optimal distinctiveness. In this study, they looked at metal bands and how much distinct they can be with their mix of sub-genres. They show that optimal distinctiveness is relevant to the failure risk of new ventures.

Is Elsevier helping or hurting scientific progress? – Fascinating podcast opening a dialogue between a scientist in Elsevier and an advocate of open science. I like how the host Julia and the participants tried to see each other’ perspective and not only discredit each other. Personally, I adore Elsevier and how it is moving towards more of a service company than a traditional journal publishing one.

The past week there has been a lot of fuss over the release of a language model by OpenAI which was supposed to be the most advanced yet. There is a lot of discussion online too because of the team’s decision to not release the full version of the model, afraid that it will be misused by Russian trolls, Chinese spies or whatever. Nonetheless, the partial model has been available for researchers to tinker with. To make things more convenient, there has also been an online implementation to skip the troubles of having to install the model on my computer.

I played with it to try to find out if it would help me write my doctoral dissertation. Maybe not, but at least give me some inspiration. These are my queries followed by the model’s continuation:

Prompt: Absorptive capacity is important for firms to gain competitive advantage.

A high birth rate reduces labor size relative to that in the United States (approximately 2.5 births per woman per 100 that would be generated in the United States in 2025) by the same method that causes individual WL to lag the rest of the world as a comparable technology (James and Wilcox 2005; Steuber and Turnbull 2006). Moreover, this concept establishes that WL may very well be a competitive advantage in conduct metrics secondary to WL. Thus, in conclusion, an incomplete equilibrium system often poses the problem of generating the next big PBE, ready for limiting these situations…

Prompt: To create disruptive innovations, companies should…

not work in the present day and if they do: “We’re not picking those lines for half-measures. ” Trust Poopmakers, Congress The hard law enforcement obligation imposed by the U. S. government on startups and small businesses should be absolute, followed by the next step. However, the United States should not violate copyright as being without regard to collateral damage and even have some credentials as a custodian of such equivalent works. Counterproductive courts should inquire into the bill from both sides and pass amendments for the immediate reporting of the U. S. to the American people…

The results have been disappointing unfortunately. We are not yet at a point that doctoral students can be replaced by actual robot slaves.

This week was a little slow for interesting management articles. I’ll just add fascinating podcast episodes and discussions from the web.

Scientific novelty and technological impact – Tries to find the connection between the novelty of scientific publications and technological impact through resulting patents. Novelty was related to how new the mix of journals referenced in the paper is. Surprise surprise, the highly novel scientific advances result to novel patents.

 The Role of Individual and Organizational Expertise in the Adoption of New Practices – Study at the interface of cognitive psychology and organizational sciences exploring how expertise at the individual and organizational level affect the diffusion of practices within an organization. They find that individuals who have gained expertise through deliberate practice not only adopt new practices faster themselves but also influence their  colleagues to adopt.

Sam Altman’s interview on Conversations with Tyler – As a researcher of entrepreneurship, I find his take that he can judge the potential of a would-be entrepreneur fascinating.  To quote:

These personality traits of determination and communication and the ability to articulate a vision for the world and explain how you’re going to get that done — I used to think that that was so hard to assess in 10 minutes, it was maybe impossible to try, and YC interviews used to be like an hour. I now think that most of the time, we could get it right in five minutes.

Reddit thread on unemployed PhDs – While rants about how difficult the academic market are not new, it seems like this post has gotten more traction than usual. My opinion is that like any other track in life, one should not only consider whether they are passionate about it but also look at the financial viability of such pursuits.

These are my interesting reads from this week.

Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology – An extensive study trying to understand what makes disruptive science. It looks at  millions of patents, publications and Github repositories to show that small teams are much more disruptive compared to larger ones.

How do Big Bang Disruptors look like? A Business Model perspective – Management researchers making careers out of new terms. Kidding aside, once you get past this, it is an interesting study exploring the mix of ingredients commonly found in successful unicorns

Patent policy and American innovation after eBay: An empirical examination – Was not aware of this 2006 court case before between eBay and MercExchange. The ruling was supposed to change the dynamics of innovation in the US, by “weakening” IP rights. The authors did not find evidence though that this was the case. Just shows how much unpredictable systems can be.

Analysing the theoretical roots of technology emergence: an evolutionary perspective – Emergence has always been a fascinating topic in technology management. In this paper, they look at how this concept diffused from the disciplines of philosophy of science, complexity theory, and evolutionary economics and has evolved since then in the technology studies paradigm.

Interesting management reads from the previous week

Beyond the matrix: Visual methods for qualitative network research – collecting network data for qualitative studies

Foundations of entrepreneurial strategy – how do entrepreneurs decide which strategy to pursue

Strategic choice in universities: Managerial agency and effective technology transfer – why technology transfer is not as simple as investing in the support infrastructure

From time to time, I get messages from students asking for career advice. In the academia community in Reddit, there are daily posts also asking for how to search for jobs or find mentors. If I had one advice for highly motivated students who might not have the best network or guidance to help them in their path, it is this: Don’t be afraid to send cold emails to successful people.

Ever since I came across this idea, I have been applying it in my own career. Whenever I read articles or listen to podcasts that are fascinating, I reach out to the authors just to say thank you. Sometimes, if I feel it’s relevant, I might even ask for career advice. Believe it or not, most of them actually respond. So, far I have around 85% success rate. People are generally gracious and they always want to help others if what you ask is not too inconvenient for them. The worst thing that would happen is that they would not reply and your email goes to spam. The best case however is that they see your interest and motivation, and you become under their radar. If they sense some opportunity, they might remember you and reach out to you.

If you want to go further and really impress them, you can even create the so-called pre-interview project . It’s a small project that one could do in  a short amount of time that can impress a possible collaborator, future employer, etc.  Especially in this noise-filled world, if you really want to be recognized, you have to find a way to differentiate yourself from the rest.

In the first month of my PhD, I came across the article by Hambrick and Chen on how academic fields develop. Briefly, they described three processes that fields how to go through to receive acceptance: differentiation, legitimation and mobilization. The first differentiation means that a field should try to set itself apart from other existing fields. At the same time however, it should not stray too far away as it still have to build legitimacy and gain recognition from the wider scientific community. Mobilization refers to the field’s ability to mobilize resources. As I see it, this last process basically serve as the fuel to advance the two other processes. During those days, I found this study to be interesting but set it aside for the next two years not knowing how to incorporate it in my work.

In the past few months, I’ve been thinking of a way to unify the different studies that I’ve been conducting for my PhD. One day, I randomly came across the article again. I then realized that the dynamic of conforming and differentiation occur everywhere. It does not only occur at the field level but also in other levels; not only in scientific development but also in many other facets of life. At the individual level, all of us, in one way or another, conform to the communities we belong to while at the same time, try to make ourselves stand out. To contribute, we try to bring something new or unique to the groups that we are in. Upon looking further, this has been referred to as the theory of optimal distinctiveness in psychology circles, which has been described even as early as 1991.

Recently, this concept has also been gaining more interest at the organizational level, such as this review by Zhao et al. Firms cannot compete by only conforming with other firms in their market, they also have to differentiate themselves from other players in their area. As there can be different dimensions of comparison across firms, the balancing act between conforming and differentiating can be complex. Research then is of value to explore how to orchestrate such dynamics effectively.

Studying in the past two years how new scientific fields develop, I notice the recurring theme of conformation vs. differentiation. Fields have to manage these forces if they want to be established. Big firms have to be aware of these forces if they want to stay relevant. New entrepreneurial firms also have to balance the two to gain resources and find customers. Teams within  firms, to stay innovative, have to be in touch with what their colleagues are doing while at the same time, bring new things to the table. Researchers and managers also have to practice optimal distinctiveness.

Last week, I was having lunch with a colleague and she asked me, “what is your research niche?” The answer did not come as easily because it was something I was struggling with before. Ever since I started my PhD, I was exploring various perspectives, not trying to settle with a specific scientific field. Working at the interface of many fields including pharmaceutical sciences, innovation studies, scientometrics, sociology of science and management, I did not want to settle with a field afraid that it would lock me in. After all, it is an important decision as it would affect the future career opportunities I could pursue in academia. The answer should be something that I am greatly interested in, something that I can stand exploring in for the rest of my academic career. At the same time, it should be something that would have an exciting future ahead of it.

Finding the field I identify with was a journey, picking up nuggets along the way. One is collaborating with a supervisor whose expertise is bibliometrics. This exposed me to journals like Scientometrics that always interested me whenever new issues would be released as various studies get creative in analyzing various texts.  I was also very interested in data science, curious about the new techniques people apply to analyze and present data. At the same time, I was  fascinated with how new academic fields started. This article by Hambrick and Chen, “New academic fields as admittance-seeking social movements: The case of strategic management” was one of the first that I read on the topic. With my interest forming in such direction, I had to read Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions which confirmed my interest in this field whatever it is called.

All of these nuggets seem unrelated at first but they were pointing towards something. The problem was I did not know what to call the field I was interested in. Fortunately, a review published recently in Science by Fortuno et al.  helped me. In their review, they were able to put into words what I was really excited studying in my future academic career. It is  called the “Science of Science.”  They viewed the science of science as “a transdisciplinary approach that uses large data sets to study the mechanisms underlying the doing of science.”

With what I am doing now, studying how fragment-based drug discovery emerged as a scientific field, I felt that this review deeply resonated with me. I encourage everyone else, even those not from my field to read it, as it is very fascinating.